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Do B1b Bombers Have the Ability to Read Soldiers Infrared Beacons

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Russian fighter aircraft

Su-27
Sukhoi Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow.jpg
Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow
Role Multirole fighter, air superiority fighter
National origin Soviet Matrimony / Russia
Manufacturer Sukhoi
Showtime flying 20 May 1977
Introduction 22 June 1985
Condition In service
Primary users Russian Air Force
People's Liberation Ground forces Air Force
Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces
See Operators department for others
Produced 1982–present
Number built 680[1]
Variants Sukhoi Su-30
Sukhoi Su-33
Sukhoi Su-34
Sukhoi Su-35
Sukhoi Su-37
Shenyang J-eleven

The Sukhoi Su-27 (Russian: Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supermaneuverable fighter shipping designed by Sukhoi. Information technology was intended every bit a direct competitor for the large Usa fourth-generation fighters such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and F-xv Eagle, with 3,530-kilometre (1,910 nmi) range, heavy aircraft ordnance, sophisticated avionics and high maneuverability. The Su-27 was designed for air superiority missions, and subsequent variants are able to perform almost all aeriform warfare operations. Information technology was designed with the Mikoyan MiG-29 every bit its complement.

The Su-27 entered service with the Soviet Air Forces in 1985. The primary role was long range air defence force against American SAC B-1B and B-52G/H bombers, protecting the Soviet declension from aircraft carriers and flying long range fighter escort for Soviet heavy bombers such as the Tu-95 "Bear", Tu-22M "Backfire" and Tu-160 "Blackjack".[2]

There are several related developments of the Su-27 design. The Su-xxx is a two-seat, dual-office fighter for all-atmospheric condition, air-to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction missions. The Su-33 'Flanker-D' is a naval fleet defense interceptor for apply on aircraft carriers. Farther versions include the side-by-side two-seat Su-34 'Fullback' strike/fighter-bomber variant, and the Su-35 'Flanker-E' improved air superiority and multi-office fighter. The Shenyang J-xi is a Chinese licence-congenital version of the Su-27.

Development [edit]

In 1969, the Soviet Union learned of the U.S. Air Forcefulness'due south "F-10" program, which resulted in the F-fifteen Eagle. The Soviet leadership presently realized that the new American fighter would correspond a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters. What was needed was a better-balanced fighter with both expert agility and sophisticated systems. In response, the Soviet Full general Staff issued a requirement for a Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel (PFI, literally "Prospective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").[3] Specifications were extremely aggressive, calling for long-range, good brusk-field functioning (including the ability to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach ii+ speed, and heavy armament. The aerodynamic pattern for the new aircraft was largely carried out by TsAGI in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau.[three]

When the specification proved too challenging and plush for a single shipping in the number needed, the PFI specification was split into two: the LPFI (Lyogkyi PFI, Lightweight PFI) and the TPFI (Tyazholyi PFI, Heavy PFI). The LPFI program resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29, a relatively short-range tactical fighter, while the TPFI program was assigned to Sukhoi OKB, which somewhen produced the Su-27 and its various derivatives.

The Sukhoi design, which was altered progressively to reflect Soviet sensation of the F-15's specifications, emerged every bit the T-10 (Sukhoi'due south tenth pattern), which beginning flew on twenty May 1977. The aircraft had a large wing, clipped, with two carve up podded engines and a twin tail. The 'tunnel' between the two engines, as on the F-14 Tomcat, acts both as an boosted lifting surface and hides armament from radar.

Air Strength [edit]

The T-10 was spotted by Western observers and assigned the NATO reporting proper name 'Flanker-A'. The development of the T-10 was marked by considerable problems, leading to a fatal crash of the second epitome, the T-x-ii on seven July 1978,[iv] due to shortcomings in the FBW control system.[5] All-encompassing redesigns followed (T-ten-3 through T-x-15) and a revised version of the T-ten-7, now designated the T-10S, fabricated its first flight on 20 Apr 1981. It besides crashed due to control problems and was replaced by T-10-12 which became T-10S-ii. This one likewise crashed on 23 December 1981 during a high-speed exam, killing the pilot.[6] [vii] Eventually the T-10-xv demonstrator, T-10S-3, evolved into the definitive Su-27 configuration.[8]

P-42 at Ramenskoye airfield.

The T-10S-three was modified and officially designated the P-42, setting a number of globe records for fourth dimension-to-height,[9] chirapsia those set in 1975 by a similarly modified F-15 called "The Streak Eagle".[ten] The P-42 "Streak Flanker" was stripped of all armament, radar and operational equipment. The fin tips, tail-smash and the wingtip launch rails were also removed. The blended radome was replaced by a lighter metal version. The aircraft was stripped of paint, polished and all drag-producing gaps and joints were sealed. The engines were modified to deliver an increase in thrust of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), resulting in a thrust-to-weight ratio of well-nigh 2:1 (for comparing with standard example come across Specifications).[xi] [12]

The production Su-27 (sometimes Su-27S, NATO designation 'Flanker-B') began to enter VVS operational service in 1985, although manufacturing difficulties kept it from appearing in strength until 1990.[13] The Su-27 served with both the Five-PVO and Frontal Aviation. Operational conversion of units to the blazon occurred using the Su-27UB (Russian for "Uchebno Boevoy" - "Gainsay Trainer", NATO designation 'Flanker-C') twin-seat trainer, with the pilots seated in tandem.[14]

When the naval Flanker trainer was being conceived the Soviet Air Force was evaluating a replacement for the Su-24 "Fencer" strike shipping, and information technology became evident to Soviet planners at the fourth dimension that a replacement for the Su-24 would need to exist capable of surviving engagements with the new American F-15 and F-xvi. The Sukhoi agency full-bodied on adaptations of the standard Su-27UB tandem-seat trainer. Even so, the Soviet Air Strength favoured the crew station (side-by-side seating) approach used in the Su-24 as it worked meliorate for the high workload and potentially long endurance strike roles. Therefore, the conceptual naval side-past-side seated trainer was used as the basis for development of the Su-27IB (Russian for "Istrebityel Bombardirovshchik" - "Fighter Bomber") as an Su-24 replacement in 1983. The first production airframe was flown in early 1994 and renamed the Su-34 (NATO reporting proper name 'Fullback').[fifteen]

Navy [edit]

Evolution of a version for the Soviet Navy called the Su-27K (Russian for "One thousandorabyelny" - "Shipborne", NATO designation 'Flanker-D') commenced non long after the development of the main land-based type. Some of the T10 demonstrators were modified to test features of navalized variants for carrier operations. These modified demonstrators led to specific prototypes for the Soviet Navy, designated "T10K" (Korabyelny). The T10Ksouth had canards, an arresting hook and carrier landing avionics as well as a retractable inflight re-fueling probe. They did not have the landing gear required for carrier landings or folding wings. The commencement T10K flew in August 1987 flown by the famous Soviet test airplane pilot Viktor Pugachev (who kickoff demonstrated the cobra manoeuvre using an Su-27 in 1989), performing test have-offs from a state-based ski-jump carrier deck on the Black Sea coast at Saky in the Ukrainian SSR. The aircraft was lost in an accident in 1988.

At the time the naval Flanker was being developed the Soviets were edifice their first generation of aircraft carriers and had no feel with steam catapults and did not want to delay the introduction of the carriers. Thus it was decided to utilise a take-off method that did not crave catapults by building up full thrust against a blast deflector until the aircraft sheared restraints property information technology downwardly to the deck. The fighter would then advance upwards the deck onto a ski leap and become airborne.[16]

The product Su-27K featured the required strengthened landing gear with a two-wheel olfactory organ gear assembly, folding stabilators and wings, outer ailerons that extended farther with inner double slotted flaps and enlarged leading-edge slats for low-speed carrier approaches, modified LERX (50eading Edge Root e10tension) with canards, a modified ejection seat angle, upgraded FBW, upgraded hydraulics, an arresting hook and retractable in-flying refuelling probe with a pair of deployable floodlights in the olfactory organ to illuminate the tanker at night. The Su-27K began carrier trials in Nov 1989, again with Pugachev at the controls, on lath the first Soviet aircraft carrier, called Tbilisi at the fourth dimension and formal carrier operations commenced in September 1991.[17] [18]

Development of the naval trainer, called the Su-27KUB (Russian for "Korabyelny Uchebno-Boyevoy" - "Shipborne Trainer-Combat"), began in 1989. The aim was to produce an airframe with dual roles for the Navy and Air Force suitable for a range of other missions such every bit reconnaissance, aeriform refuelling, maritime strike, and jamming. This concept then evolved into the Su-27IB (Su-34 "Fullback") for the Soviet Air Force. The naval trainer had a revised forward fuselage to accommodate a side-by-side cockpit seating arrangement with crew admission via a ladder in the olfactory organ-wheel undercarriage and enlarged canards, stabilisers, fins and rudders. The wings had extra ordnance hard-points and the fold position was also moved further outboard. The inlets were fixed and did not characteristic FOD suppression hardware. The central fuselage was strengthened to accommodate 45 tonnes (99,000 pounds) maximum gross weight and internal volume was increased by 30%. This get-go prototype, the T-10V-1, flew in April 1990 conducting aerial refuelling trials and false carrier landing approaches on the Tbilisi. The 2nd image, the T-10V-2 was built in 1993 and had enlarged internal fuel tanks, enlarged spine, diffuse tail and tandem dual bike main undercarriage.[15]

Export and mail service-Soviet development [edit]

In 1991, the production facilities at Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Establish and Irkutsk developed export variants of the Su-27: the Su-27SK unmarried seat fighter and Su-27UBK twin-seat trainer, (the K in both variants is Russian for "Yardommercheskiy" - literally "Commercial")[19] which have been exported to China, Vietnam, Ethiopia and Republic of indonesia.[twenty]

After the plummet of the USSR in 1991, Russian federation, the successor state, started evolution of avant-garde variants of the Su-27 including the Su-30, Su-33, Su-34, Su-35, and Su-37.

Since 1998 the consign Su-27SK has been produced every bit the Shenyang J-11 in China nether licence. The outset licensed-product aeroplane, assembled in Shenyang from Russian supplied kits, was flight tested on xvi December 1998. These licence-congenital versions, which numbered 100, were designated J-11A. The next model, the J-11B made all-encompassing use of Chinese developed systems inside the Su-27SK airframe.[21]

Starting in 2004, the Russian Air Force began a major update of the original Soviet Su-27 ('Flanker-B') fleet. The upgraded variants were designated Su-27SM (Russian for "Seriyniy Godernizovanniy" - literally "Southwarderial Godernized"). This included upgrades in air-to-air capability with the R-77 missile with an active radar homing head. The modernized Su-27SM fighters vest to the 4+ generation. The strike capability was enhanced with the addition of the Kh-29T/TE/L and Kh-31P/Kh-31A ASM and KAB-500KR/KAB-1500KR smart bombs. The avionics were also upgraded.[22] The Russian Air Strength is currently receiving aircraft modernized to the SM3 standard. The aircraft'due south efficiency to striking air and ground targets has increased 2 and three times than in the bones Su-27 variant. Su-27SM3 has two additional stations under the wing and a much stronger airframe. The shipping is equipped with new onboard radio-electronic systems and a wider range of applicable air weapons. The aircraft's cockpit has multifunctional displays.[23]

The Su-30 is a two-seat multi-function version developed from the Su-27UBK and was designed for export and evolved into 2 chief variants. The export variant for Communist china, the SU-30MKK ('Flanker-Grand') which first flew in 1999. The other variant adult as the export version for Bharat, the Su-30MKI ('Flanker-H') was delivered in 2002 and has at to the lowest degree five other configurations.

The Su-33 is the Russian Navy version of the Soviet Su-27K which was re-designated by the Sukhoi Design Bureau after 1991. (Both have the NATO designation 'Flanker-D')

The Su-34 is the Russian derivative of the Soviet-era Su-27IB, which evolved from the Soviet Navy Su-27KUB operational conversion trainer. Information technology was previously referred to every bit the Su-32MF.

The newest and most advanced version of the Su-27 is the Su-35S ("Due southerial"). The Su-35 was previously referred to as the Su-27M, Su-27SM2, and Su-35BM.[24]

The Su-37 is an avant-garde engineering science demonstrator derived from Su-35 prototypes, featuring thrust vectoring nozzles made of titanium rather than steel and an updated airframe containing a high proportion of carbon-fibre and Al-Li alloy.[25] Only two examples were built and in 2002 one crashed, effectively ending the program. The Su-37 improvements did however make it into new Flanker variants such as the Su-35S and the Su-30MKI.[26] [ unreliable source? ]

Blueprint [edit]

The Su-27'southward basic design is aerodynamically like to the MiG-29, merely it is substantially larger. The wing blends into the fuselage at the leading edge extensions and is essentially a cross between a swept wing and a cropped delta (the delta wing with tips cropped for missile runway or ECM pods). The fighter is also an example of a tailed delta fly configuration, retaining conventional horizontal tailplanes.

The Su-27 had the Soviet Union's first operational fly-by-wire control system, based on the Sukhoi OKB'south experience with the T-four bomber projection. Combined with relatively depression fly loading and powerful basic flight controls, it makes for an uncommonly agile aircraft, controllable even at very low speeds and high angle of set on. In airshows the shipping has demonstrated its maneuverability with a Cobra (Pugachev's Cobra) or dynamic deceleration – briefly sustained level flight at a 120° angle of attack.

The naval version of the 'Flanker', the Su-27K (or Su-33), incorporates canards for boosted elevator, reducing takeoff distances. These canards have also been incorporated in some Su-30s, the Su-35, and the Su-37.

The Su-27 is equipped with a Phazotron N001 Myech coherent Pulse-Doppler radar with track while browse and await-downwardly/shoot-down capability. The fighter also has an OLS-27 infrared search and rails (IRST) system in the nose only forwards of the cockpit with an fourscore–100 km (50–62 mi) range.[27]

The Su-27 is armed with a single 30 mm (1.eighteen in) Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon in the starboard wingroot, and has upwards to 10 hardpoints for missiles and other weapons. Its standard missile ammunition for air-to-air combat is a mixture of R-73 (AA-11 Archer) and R-27 (AA-x 'Alamo') missiles, the latter including extended range and infrared homing models.

Operational history [edit]

Soviet Union and Russian federation [edit]

The Soviet Air Force began receiving Su-27s in June 1985. Information technology officially entered service in Baronial 1990.[28]

On 13 September 1987, a fully armed Soviet Su-27, Red 36, intercepted a Norwegian Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft flying over the Barents Body of water. The Soviet fighter jet performed dissimilar shut passes, colliding with the reconnaissance aircraft on the tertiary pass. The Su-27 disengaged and both aircraft landed safely at their bases.[29]

These aircraft were used past the Russian Air Force during the 1992–1993 war in Abkhazia against Georgian forces. One fighter, piloted by Major Vatslav Aleksandrovich Shipko (Вацлав Александрович Шипко) was reported shot downwardly in friendly fire by an S-75M Dvina on 19 March 1993 while intercepting Georgian Su-25s performing close air support. The pilot was killed.[30] [31]

In the 2008 South Ossetia State of war, Russia used Su-27s to proceeds airspace control over Tskhinvali, the capital city of South Ossetia.[32] [33]

On 7 February 2013, 2 Su-27s briefly entered Japanese airspace off Rishiri Island near Hokkaido, flight south over the Sea of Nihon before turning back to the northward.[34] Four Mitsubishi F-2 fighters were scrambled to visually confirm the Russian planes,[35] alert them by radio to go out their airspace.[36] A photo taken by a JASDF pilot of ane of the two Su-27s was released by the Nihon Ministry building of Defence force.[37] Russia denied the incursion, saying the jets were making routine flights near the disputed Kuril Islands.[34] In another encounter, on 23 April 2014 an Su-27 nearly collided with a U.s.a. Air Strength Boeing RC-135U over the Sea of Okhotsk.[38]

A Russian Su-27 and a British Typhoon meet over the Baltic, June 2014

Russian federation plans to supersede the Su-27 and the Mikoyan MiG-29 eventually with the Sukhoi Su-57 stealth fifth-generation multi-role twin-engine fighter.[39] [ unreliable source? ]

A squadron of Su-27SM3s was deployed to Syria in November 2015 as part of the Russian military machine intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[forty] [41]

A Russian Su-27 crashed over the Black Body of water on 25 March 2020, due to an engine failure. The pilot was non constitute.[42]

Ethiopia [edit]

Ethiopian Su-27s shot down two Eritrean MiG-29s and damaged another one during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War[43] [44] in February 1999 and destroyed another ii in May 2000.[44] [45] The Su-27s were also used in gainsay air patrol (CAP) missions, suppression of air defense, and providing escort for fighters on bombing and reconnaissance missions.[46] The Ethiopian Air Force (EtAF) used their Su-27s to deadly result in Somalia during late 2000s and 2010s, bombing Islamist garrisons and patrolling the airspace. The Su-27 has replaced the aging Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, which was the main air superiority fighter of the EtAF between 1977 and 1999.[47] Ethiopian authorities used its Su-27s for bombing targets during the Tigray War. Ethiopian Su-27s were depicted armed with OFAB-250 unguided bombs and over the skies of Mekelle.[ citation needed ]

Angola [edit]

The Su-27 entered Angolan service in mid-2000 during the Angolan Civil State of war. It is reported that ane Su-27 in the procedure of landing, was shot down by 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADs fired by UNITA forces on 19 November 2000.[43] [48]

Republic of indonesia [edit]

Four Indonesian Flanker-type fighters including Su-27s participated for the first time in the biennial Exercise Pitch Black exercise in Commonwealth of australia on 27 July 2012. Arriving at Darwin, Australia, the two Su-27s and two Sukhoi Su-30s were escorted past two Australian F/A-18 Hornets of No. 77 Squadron, Regal Australian Air Force.[49] Exercise Pitch Blackness 12 was conducted from 27 July through 17 August 2012, and involved 2,200 personnel and up to 94 aircraft from Commonwealth of australia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States.[l] [ unreliable source? ]

Ukraine [edit]

B-52H assigned to the 5th Bomb Fly integrates with two Ukrainian Su-27s during a Bomber Task Force Europe mission, Sept. 23, 2020

The Ukrainian Air Force inherited about 66-70 Su-27 aircraft after the plummet of the Soviet Union.[51] Lack of funds in improver to the Su-27's high maintenance led to a shortage of spare parts and inadequate servicing, resulting in approximately 34 remaining in service as of 2019.[52] [53] [54] Years of underfunding meant that the air forcefulness has non received a new Su-27 since 1991. Between 2007 and 2017, as many as 65 combat jets were sold abroad,[55] including nine Su-27s.[56] In 2009, amidst declining relations with Russian federation, the Ukrainian Air Force began to accept difficulty obtaining spare parts from Sukhoi.[56] Only nineteen Su-27s were serviceable at the time of the Russian annexation of Crimea and subsequent War in Donbas in 2014.[56] Following the Russian invasion, Ukraine increased its military budget, allowing stored Su-27s to be returned to service.[57] [55]

The Zaporizhzhya Shipping Repair Constitute "MiGremont" [u.k.] in Zaporizhzhia began modernizing the Su-27 to NATO standards in 2012, which involved a pocket-sized overhaul of the radar, navigation and communication equipment. Shipping with this modification are designated Su-27P1M and Su-27UB1M. The Ministry of Defense force accustomed the project on 5 August 2014,[57] and the kickoff two aircraft were officially handed over to the 831st Tactical Aviation Brigade in October 2015.[58]

In 2014 during the Looting of Crimea, a Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 was scrambled to intercept Russian fighter jets over Ukraine'due south airspace over the Black Body of water on 3 March.[59] With no aerial opposition and other aircraft available for footing assail duties, Ukrainian Su-27s played only a small role in the ongoing war in Donbas. Ukrainian Su-27s were recorded performing low fly passes and were reported flying top cover, gainsay air patrols and eventual escort or intercept of ceremonious aviation traffic over Eastern Ukraine.[lx] [61] On 15 April 2014, a video purportedly showing a Ukrainian Su-27 being shot down was released, but the video proved to be a hoax, taken from a previous video of the Syrian Ceremonious War involving a different shipping model. Videos taken of depression-flying Su-27s involved in the operation revealed they were armed with R-27 and R-73 air-to-air missiles.[62]

There were two fatal crashes involving Ukrainian Su-27s in 2018.[54] On xvi October, a Ukrainian Su-27UB1M flown past Colonel Ivan Petrenko crashed during the Ukraine-USAF practise "Clear Sky 2018" based at Starokostiantyniv Air Base. The second seat was occupied by Lieutenant Colonel Seth Nehring, a pilot of the 144th Fighter Wing of the California Air National Guard. Both pilots died in the crash, that happened virtually 5:00 p.thou. local time in the Khmelnytskyi province of western Ukraine.[63] [64] On 15 December, an Su-27 crashed on final approach about 2 km (i mi) from Ozerne Air Base in Zhytomyr Oblast, after performing a training flight. Major Fomenko Alexander Vasilyevich was killed.[65]

On 29 May 2020, Ukrainian Su-27s took role in the Bomber Task Force in Europe with B-1B bombers for the first time in the Black Bounding main region.[66] On iv September 2020, iii B-52 bombers from the 5th Bomb Wing, Minot Air Force Base of operations, N Dakota, conducted vital integration grooming with Ukrainian MiG-29s and Su-27s inside Ukraine'due south airspace.[67]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, on 24 February 2022 a Ukrainian Su-27 and a refueling vehicle were burned out past fire after a Russian attack on the military machine airfield in Ozerne, Zhytomyr District.[68] The side by side day another Su-27 was shot down in Kyiv and was recorded by residents on their cell phones and published on Twitter;[69] its pilot, Colonel Oleksandr Oksanchenko, was killed.[70]

Variants [edit]

Sources:[71]

Soviet era [edit]

Left side scheme of a Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker B, start production serial

T10 ("Flanker-A")
Initial prototype configuration.
T10S
Improved paradigm configuration, more than like to production spec.
P-42
Special version built to vanquish climb fourth dimension records. The shipping had all armament, radar and paint removed, which reduced weight to xiv,100 kg (31,100 lb). It also had improved engines. Similar to the United states of america F-15 Streak Eagle project. Betwixt 1986–1988, it established and took several climb records from the Streak Eagle. Several of these records (such as time to climb to 3000 m, 6000 thou, 9000 m, and 12000 m) even so stands current as of 2019.[72] [73]
Su-27
Pre-production serial built in small numbers with AL-31 engine.
Su-27S (Su-27 / "Flanker-B")
Initial product single-seater with improved AL-31F engine. The "T10P".
Su-27P (Su-27 / "Flanker-B")
Standard version but without air-to-ground weapons control organisation and wiring and assigned to Soviet Air Defense Forces units. Often designated Su-27 without -P.[74]
Su-27UB ("Flanker-C")
Initial production two-seat operational conversion trainer.
Su-27SK
Export Su-27S single-seater. Exported to China in 1992-1996 and developed into Shenyang J-11.
Su-27UBK
Consign Su-27UB two-seater.

Su-27K (Su-33 / "Flanker-D")
Carrier-based single-seater with folding wings, high-lift devices, and absorbing gear, congenital in modest numbers. They followed the "T10K" prototypes and demonstrators.
Su-27KUB (Su-33UB)
2-seat training-and-combat version based on the Su-27K and Su-27KU, with a side-by-side seating same as Su-34. One prototype built.
Su-27M (Su-35/Su-37 / "Flanker-E/F")
Improved demonstrators for an advanced single-seat multi-role Su-27S derivative. These too included a ii-seat "Su-35UB" demonstrator.
Su-27PU (Su-30)
Two-seat version of the Su-27P interceptor, designed to support with tactical data other unmarried-seat Su-27P, MiG-31 and other interceptor aircraft in PVO service. The model was afterward renamed to Su-xxx, and modified into a multi-role fighter mainly for export market, moving away from the original purpose of the aircraft.
Su-32 (Su-27IB)
Ii-seat dedicated long-range strike variant with side-by-side seating in "platypus" nose. Prototype of Su-32FN and Su-34.

Post-Soviet era [edit]

Su-27PD
Single-seat demonstrator with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe.
Su-30M/MK
Next-generation multi-role two-seater. A few Su-30Ms were built for Russian evaluation in the mid-1990s, though picayune came of the effort. The Su-30MK export variant was embodied as a series of two demonstrators of different levels of adequacy. Versions include Su-30MKA for Algeria, Su-30MKI for Republic of india, Su-30MKK for the People's Commonwealth of China, and Su-30MKM for Malaysia.
Shenyang J-11
Chinese version of Su-27SK.
Su-27SM (Flanker-B Mod. i)
Mid-life upgraded Russian Su-27S, featuring applied science evaluated in the Su-27M demonstrators.
Su-27SKM
Single-seat multi-role fighter for export. It is a derivative of the Su-27SK but includes upgrades such as advanced cockpit, more sophisticated self-defense force electronic countermeasures (ECM) and an in-flying refuelling system.[75]
Su-27UBM
Comparable upgraded Su-27UB two-seater.
Su-27SM2
4+ gen block upgrade for Russian Su-27, featuring some technology of the Su-35BM; information technology includes Irbis-E radar, and upgraded engines and avionics.
Su-27SM3
Increased maximum takeoff weight (+3 tonnes), AL-31F-M1 engines, fully glass cockpit.[76]
Su-27KUB
Essentially an Su-27K carrier-based twin-seater with a side-by-side cockpit, for apply equally a naval carrier trainer or multi-office aircraft.
Su-35BM/Su-35S
Too named the "Final Flanker" is latest development from Sukhoi Flanker family unit. It features improved thrust vectoring AL-41F1S engines, new avionics, N035 Irbis-E radar and reduced radar cross-section.
Su-27UB1M
Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27UB.
Su-27UP1M
Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27UP.
Su-27S1M
Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27S.
Su-27P1M
Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27P.

Operators [edit]

All current (bluish) and former (red) operators of the Su-27

Angola
People's Air and Air Defense force of Angola – Seven Su-27s in service as of January 2013.[77] Three were bought from Belarus in 1998. Received a full of eight.[78] One was reportedly shot down on 19 November 2000 by a 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS during the Angolan Civil War.[79]
Mainland china
People's Liberation Army Air Forcefulness (PLAAF) – 59 Su-27 fighters, consisting of 33 Su-27SKs and 26 Su-27UBKs as of January 2013.[77] 78 Flankers were delivered under 3 separate contracts by the Russian KnAAPO and IAPO plants. Delivery of the aircraft began in Feb 1991 and finished past September 2009. The first contract was for twenty Su-27SK and four Su-27UBK aircraft. The deal, known as '906 Project' inside Mainland china, saw the Su-27 exported to a foreign state for the kickoff time. In February 1991, an Su-27 performed a flight demonstration at Beijing's Nanyuan Drome. The official consecration to service with the PLAAF occurred shortly thereafter. Cathay found some of the delivered Su-27UBKs are "second-handed", consequently Russian federation delivered 2 more Su-27UBKs to China as a compensation.[eighty] Chinese Su-27 pilots described its performance as "outstanding" in all aspects and flight envelopes. Differences over the payment method delayed the signing of the second, identical contract. For the first batch, 70% of the payment had been made in barter transactions with light industrial goods and food. Russia argued that hereafter transactions should be made in US dollars. In May 1995, Chinese Central Armed services Commission Vice Chairman, Liu Huaqing visited Russian federation and agreed to the term, on a condition that the production line of Su-27 be imported. The contract was signed the same twelvemonth. Delivery of the final shipping from the second batch, which consists of 16 Su-27SKs and 8 Su-27UBKs occurred in July 1996. In preparation for the expanding Su-27 fleet, the PLAAF sought to augment its trainer fleet. On three December 1999, a third contract was signed, this time for 28 Su-27UBKs. All 76 of the aircraft featured strengthened airframe and landing gear – result of the PLAAF demands that the fighter has a "usable" air-ground capability. Every bit a result, the aircraft are capable of employing most of the conventional Air-to-Footing ordnance produced past Russian federation. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) increased to 33,000 kg (73,000 lb). As is common for Russian export fighters, the active jamming device was downgraded; Su-27'due south L005 ECM pod was replaced with the L203/L204 pod. Furthermore, in that location were slight avionics differences between the batches. The first batch had N001E radar, while the later aircraft had N001P radar, capable of engaging ii targets at the aforementioned fourth dimension. Additionally, ground radar and navigational systems were upgraded. The aircraft are non capable of deploying the R-77 "Adder" missile due to a downgraded fire control system,[81] except for the last batch of 28 Su-27UBKs.[fourscore]
At the 2009 Farnborough Airshow, Alexander Fomin- Deputy Manager of Russia's Federal Service for Military machine-Technical Co-operation, confirmed the existence of an all-encompassing contract and an ongoing licensed production of the Su-27 variant by the Chinese. The aircraft are being produced as the Shenyang J-11.[82]
Eritrea
Eritrean Air Force[83]
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Air Force – upward to 17 Su-27S, Su-27P, Su-27UB sourced 2nd–paw from Russia in two dissimilar batches: 9 starting from 1998 and eight starting from 2002.[84] Some crashed over the years.[85]

A Su-27 of the Indonesian Air Forcefulness

Indonesia
Indonesian Air Force (TNI - AU or Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Angkatan Udara) – 5 Su-27SKM fighters in service.[83] [ failed verification ]
Kazakhstan
Military of Kazakhstan – twenty Su-27/Su-27BM2, iii Su-27UB/UBM2[ citation needed ]

A Su-27 of the Kazakh Air Forcefulness taking off

Mongolia
Mongolian Air Force – four Su-27s as of June 2016. 8 more than jets to be delivered to consummate a squadron.[86] [87]
Russian federation
Russian Air Force – 359 Su-27 aircraft, including 225 Su-27s, 70 Su-27SMs, 12 Su-27SM3s, and 52 Su-27UBs in service as of January 2014.[88] A modernization program began in 2004.[89] [90] [91] Half of the fleet had been modernized by 2012.[92] The Russian Air Strength is currently receiving shipping modernized to the SM3 standard.[93] [94] [95] [96]
Russian Navy – 53 Su-27s in use every bit of January 2014[88]
Ukraine
Ukrainian Air Force – 70 Su-27s in inventory.[97] It has 34 Su-27s in service equally of March 2019.[55]
Uzbekistan
Military of Uzbekistan – 34 Su-27s in apply every bit of January 2013[77]
Vietnam
Vietnam People'due south Air Strength – 9 Su-27SKs and 3 Su-27UBKs in use as of January 2013[77]
The states
Two Su-27s were delivered to the U.S. in 1995 from Republic of belarus.[98] [99] Two more were bought from Ukraine in 2009 by a individual company, Pride Aircraft to be used for attacker training for U.S. pilots.[100] They have been spotted operating over Area 51 for evaluation and training purposes.[101]

Former operators [edit]

Belarus
Belarusian Air Force inherited 23-28 Su-27s from the former 61st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Matrimony.[98] They had 22 in service as of December 2010.[102] Nine Su-27s were sold to Angola in 1998. Belarus had operated 17 Su-27P and iv Su-27UBM1 shipping before their retirement in December 2012.[78] [103] [104]
Soviet Spousal relationship
Soviet Air Strength and Soviet Air Defense Forces.[105] Passed to dissimilar successor nations in 1991.

Private ownership [edit]

Co-ordinate to the U.South. FAA there are 2 privately owned Su-27s in the U.Southward.[106] 2 Su-27s from the Ukrainian Air Force were demilitarised and sold to Pride Shipping of Rockford, Illinois, USA. Pride Aircraft modified some of the aircraft to their own desires by remarking all cockpit controls in English and replacing much of the Russian avionics suite with Garmin, Bendix/King, and Collins avionics. The aircraft were both sold to individual owners for approximately $v meg each.[107]

On 30 August 2010, the Financial Times claimed that a Western individual training support company ECA Program placed a U.s.$1.five billion order with Belorussian land arms dealer BelTechExport for 15 unarmed Su-27s (with an option on eighteen more than) to organize a dissimilar air combat training schoolhouse in the former NATO airbase in Keflavik, Iceland with deliveries due by the cease of 2012.[108] [109] A September 2010 media written report past RIA Novosti questioned the existence of the agreement.[110] No farther developments on such a plan have been reported past 2014, while a plan for upgrading and putting the retired Belorussian Air Force Su-27 fleet back to service was reported in February 2014.[111]

Notable accidents [edit]

  • 9 September 1990: A Soviet Su-27 crashed at the Salgareda airshow in 1990 after pulling a loop at too depression an altitude. The Lithuanian pilot, Rimantas Stankevičius, and a spectator were killed.[112] [113]
  • 12 December 1995: Two Su-27s and an Su-27UB of the Russian Knights flight sit-in team crashed into terrain exterior of Cam Ranh, Vietnam, killing 4 squad pilots. Half-dozen Su-27s and an Ilyushin Il-76 support aircraft were returning from a Malaysian airshow. The shipping were flying in echelons correct and left of the Il-76 on their way to Cam Ranh for refueling. During the landing arroyo, the Il-76 passed too shut to the terrain and the three correct-echelon Su-27s crashed. The remaining aircraft landed safely at Cam Ranh. The cause was controlled flying into terrain; contributing factors were pilot fault, mountainous terrain and poor weather.[114]
  • 27 July 2002: A Ukrainian Su-27 crashed while performing an aerobatics presentation, killing 77 spectators in what is now considered the deadliest air show disaster in history. Both pilots ejected and suffered only minor injuries.[115]
  • 16 August 2009: While practicing for the 2009 MAKS Airshow, 2 Su-27s of the Russian Knights collided in mid-air higher up Zhukovsky Airfield, south-east of Moscow, killing the Knights' leader, Igor Tkachenko. One of the jets crashed into a house and started a burn down.[116] A probe into the crash was launched; co-ordinate to the Russian Defense force Ministry the accident may have been acquired by a "flight skill error".[116] [117]
  • 30 August 2009: A Belarusian Su-27UBM (Number black 63) crashed while performing at the Radom Air Testify.[118]

Aircraft on brandish [edit]

Su-27PD at the Fundamental Armed Forces Museum in Moscow

  • 36911031003 – Su-27PD on static display at the Cardinal Military machine Museum in Moscow.[119] [120]

Specifications (Su-27SK) [edit]

Sukhoi Su-27 3-view drawings

Data from Gordon and Davison,[121] Sukhoi,[122] KnAAPO,[123] deagel.com,[124] airforce-engineering.com[125]

Full general characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 21.ix m (71 ft 10 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.vii m (48 ft 3 in)
  • Meridian: five.92 m (19 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 62 m2 (670 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 16,380 kg (36,112 lb)
  • Gross weight: 23,430 kg (51,654 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 30,450 kg (67,131 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: nine,400 kg (20,723.5 lb) internal[126]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-31F afterburning turbofan engines, 75.22 kN (16,910 lbf) thrust each dry, 122.vi kN (27,600 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: two,500 km/h (ane,600 mph, 1,300 kn) / M2.35 at altitude
one,400 km/h (870 mph; 760 kn) / M1.13 at sea level
  • Range: three,530 km (2,190 mi, 1,910 nmi) At altitude
1,340 km (830 mi; 720 nmi) at body of water level
  • Service ceiling: 19,000 m (62,000 ft)
  • g limits: +ix
  • Rate of climb: 300 m/due south (59,000 ft/min) [127]
  • Wing loading: 377.nine kg/m2 (77.4 lb/sq ft) With 56% fuel
444.61 kg/grand2 (91.ane lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: ane.07 with 56% internal fuel; 0.91 with full fuel

Armament

  • Guns: 1 × 30 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-i autocannon with 150 rounds
  • Hardpoints: 10 external pylons[122] [126] with a chapters of upward to 4,430 kg (9,770 lb)[122] [126], with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets:
      • S-8KOM/BM/OM
      • S-13T/OF
      • S-25OFM-PU
    • Missiles:
      • 6 × R-27R/ER/T/ET/P/EP air-to-air missiles
      • half-dozen × R-73E AAMs
    • Bombs:
      • FAB-500 full general purpose bomb
      • RBK-250 cluster bomb
      • RBK-500 cluster flop

Avionics

  • N001E radar
  • Phazotron Zhuk-MSE radar
  • Phazotron Zhuk-MSFE radar
  • OEPS-27 electro-optical targeting system
  • SPO-15 Radar Warning Receiver
  • OEPS-27 IRST[128]

See likewise [edit]

Related development

  • Sukhoi Su-30
  • Sukhoi Su-33
  • Sukhoi Su-34
  • Sukhoi Su-35
  • Sukhoi Su-37
  • Shenyang J-eleven

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

  • McDonnell Douglas F-15 Hawkeye

Related lists

  • Listing of fighter shipping

References [edit]

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Bibliography
  • "ECA Program Su-27 Flankers Destined for Iceland". Air International. Oct 2010, Vol. 79 No. 4. p. ix. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Gordon, Yefim (1999). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN1-84037-029-7.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Peter Davison. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker, Specialty Printing, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58007-091-ane.
  • Mod Combat Shipping: Reference guide, pp. l–51. Minsk, "Elida", 1997. ISBN 985-6163-10-ii. (in Russian)
  • North, David M. Su-27 pilot report - part 1 Role 2

External links [edit]

  • Official Sukhoi Su-27SK webpage at Sukhoi and KnAAPO
  • Official Sukhoi Su-27UBK webpage at Sukhoi
  • Official Sukhoi Su-27SKM webpage at KnAAPO
  • The Su-27SKM
  • Su-27 page on globalsecurity.org
  • Sukhoi Flankers – The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power
  • Asia's Avant-garde Flankers
  • Su-27UBs in the Usa

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27

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